What type of attack targets databases through vulnerabilities in web applications?

The correct answer is SQL injection, which is a type of attack that specifically targets databases by exploiting vulnerabilities in web applications. In this attack, an attacker inserts or "injects" malicious SQL code into an input field, allowing them to manipulate the database. Through this method, attackers can gain unauthorized access to data, retrieve sensitive information, modify or delete records, and potentially obtain administrative privileges.

SQL injection attacks take advantage of inadequate input validation and improper sanitization of user inputs in web applications. Since web applications often interact with databases to store and retrieve data, any susceptibility in the application can be exploited by attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands directly against the database.

Understanding SQL injection is crucial for developers and security professionals because it emphasizes the importance of secure coding practices and data validation to protect against such vulnerabilities. Implementing measures like prepared statements, input validation, and using web application firewalls can significantly reduce the risk of this type of attack.